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l'infection Pneumoccocique
03 Mar 2008 - 23:38:57

Il existe plus de 90 types de bactéries pneumococciques (pneumocoques); toutefois, la plupart des maladies graves ne sont dues qu'à un petit nombre de ceux-ci.

Bien des gens sont porteurs de S. pneumoniae (dans la gorge ou le nez) sans que cette bactérie cause de maladie. Si la bactérie surmonte les défenses naturelles d'une personne, elle peut entraîner l'apparition de diverses maladies. La plus grave d'entre elles est la méningite, une inflammation de l'enveloppe entourant le cerveau et la moelle épinière. La méningite à pneumocoque est mortelle dans un pourcentage pouvant aller jusqu'à 26 p. cent des cas. Chez les personnes qui s'en rétablissent, elle peut laisser des séquelles permanentes, notamment des lésions au cerveau et une perte de l'audition. Parmi les autres maladies causées par S. pneumoniae, mentionnons la septicémie (infection du sang), la pneumonie (infection du poumon) et l'otite moyenne (infection de l'oreille moyenne).

L'infection pneumococcique est traitée par des antibiotiques, par exemple la pénicilline et les céphalosporines. Au cours des dernières années, on a assisté à l'apparition de certaines souches de S. pneumoniae qui sont résistantes à un ou plusieurs des antibiotiques fréquemment utilisés. Ce phénomène fait ressortir encore davantage l'importance de la vaccination comme moyen de prévention.

Mécanismes de propagation de l'infection pneumococcique

La bactérie se transmet d'une personne à une autre par des contacts personnels qui mettent en cause les sécrétions du nez ou de la gorge, par exemple en partageant des ustensiles ou en embrassant quelqu'un. La plupart des personnes exposées à la bactérie ne deviennent pas malades. Aucun traitement spécial n'est nécessaire après un contact avec une personne infectée par le pneumocoque.

L'infection pneumococcique est assez répandue. Une étude menée récemment au Canada a permis d'étudier les formes les plus graves de la maladie chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans. Pour ce groupe d'âge seulement, on estime que l'infection pneumococcique est responsable, chaque année, de 15 décès, 65 cas de méningite, 700 cas de septicémie, 2 200 cas de pneumonie nécessitant une hospitalisation et 9 000 cas de pneumonie sans hospitalisation.

Facteurs de risque de l'infection pneumococcique

N'importe qui peut contracter une infection pneumococcique, mais le risque est plus grand pour certains groupes, notamment les enfants de moins de deux ans et les personnes de plus de 65 ans. D'autres personnes considérées à risque plus élevé sont celles dont le système immunitaire est affaibli à cause de médicaments ou de maladies, notamment l'infection au VIH; les personnes souffrant d'anémie falciforme, de diabète ou de maladie grave du coeur, des poumons ou des reins, et toute personne ayant subi une ablation de la rate ou présentant un déficit fonctionnel de cet organe.

Le nouveau vaccin conjugué contre le pneumocoque

Le nouveau vaccin conjugué prévient les maladies causées par sept des types les plus répandus de pneumocoques. Il est sûr et efficace. Son taux d'efficacité contre les maladies graves peut être aussi élevé que 97 p. cent, selon les personnes. Le vaccin est administré par injection. Il ne peut causer l'infection pneumococcique parce qu'il ne contient pas de bactérie vivante. Parmi les effets secondaires, habituellement mineurs et temporaires, on note : rougeur, enflure et sensibilité au point d'injection, et fièvre légère. Les effets secondaires graves, par exemple les réactions allergiques, sont rares. Le vaccin peut être administré aux bébés; c'est d'ailleurs le seul vaccin qui peut prévenir l'infection pneumococcique chez les enfants de moins de deux ans.

Recommandations concernant le vaccin conjugué contre le pneumocoque

Le Comité consultatif national de l'immunisation (CCNI) est un groupe d'experts qui donne à Santé Canada, de manière continue et au moment voulu, des conseils médicaux, scientifiques et de santé publique au sujet de l'immunisation. Dans le Guide canadien d'immunisation de 2002, le CCNI recommande le nouveau vaccin conjugué contre le pneumocoque pour tous les enfants de moins de deux ans et pour les enfants de moins de cinq ans qui souffrent de maladies qui les exposent à un risque élevé de contracter l'infection pneumococcique. Il recommande également d'envisager d'administrer ce vaccin à tous les autres enfants de deux à cinq ans, en particulier ceux qui fréquentent les garderies et les enfants autochtones qui vivent dans des collectivités isolées, à l'exception des enfants qui ont déjà eu une réaction allergique aux autres composants du vaccin.


Réduire les risques

Le vaccin conjugué contre le pneumocoque est recommandé pour tous les enfants de moins de deux ans et pour les enfants de deux à cinq ans qui courent un risque de contracter une infection pneumococcique. Adressez-vous à votre médecin si vous pensez que vous ou votre famille auriez intérêt à recevoir le vaccin conjugué contre le pneumocoque.

Il existe également un vaccin polysaccharidique contre le pneumocoque, qui est offert depuis plus longtemps. Si vous avez plus de 65 ans, votre médecin pourrait vous le recommander.

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